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Third-party inference providers are now hosting it, with more popping up by the hour: https://openrouter.ai/moonshotai/kimi-k3.1-pro
Together appears to have double throughput of the Moonshot AI endpoint at the same price point (with Modal having double that throughput), so I suspect there is room for inference providers to optimize...and therefore headroom to cut costs for competition.
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Even if you can’t run this at home, this is still a step toward commoditization & diversification of inference and breaking up of concentrated power. Being able to serve a frontier-class model with 1M$ of capital in GPUs instead of multi-year billion dollar investment in training & research is a big difference
You can run it on high end laptop at like 0.1 token per second.
But I think smaller size models like qwen 3.8 are way more important.
Only a 1453GB download. Fits on one LTO5 tape, maybe.
Works on my machine. I bought a used 16TB 7200rpm hdd for $350 just for storing model weights and such.
Why don't you complain about OpenAI or Anthropic weights?
I love this
But i also get the immediate "but how is anyone supposed to run this locally" feeling
Maybe we need a new network. Like, Nextdoor + counterstrike pub servers, but for local LLM. We can call it semilocal
:)
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These releases are meant for companies, not average Joe:
https://www.theregister.com/ai-and-ml/2026/11/03/british-fin...
¿Por qué no los dos?
Average Joe likely can't host the model to begin with but the average company won't be able to do so either, at least not for others[0]:
> If the Licensee or any of its affiliates operates a Model as a Service business, and the aggregate revenue of the Licensee and its affiliates exceeds 20 million US dollars (or the equivalent in other currencies) in total over any consecutive 12 months, the Licensee must enter into a separate agreement with Moonshot AI before using the Software or its derivative works for any commercial purpose.
[0]: https://huggingface.co/moonshotai/Kimi-K3.1-Pro/blob/main/LI...
This doesn’t stop any company spinning it up for their internal use. It only bites if you try to resell it.
It's not impossible that the separate agreement in question imposes light limitations.
I think one of the initial reasons why otherwise open source models started with the limitations on model-as-a-service use cases was because of quantised or entirely different models being served as the model in question on open router, and they needed a legal method to limit that. It might just be that, thought it might also be the direct opposite, hard to know.
Now let's see this on some abliterated APIs. I'm sick and tired of Claude standing guard for copyright after Anthropic stole everything there was to steal and got away with it.
read the report, they nipped the cyber capability so it's not strong on offensive security. hy4 did the same thing, looks like glm5.3 is the last strongest open weight with offensive cyber ability we are going to be getting for a while.
Side question: Can you (or anyone reading this) recommend a decent source for an LLM provider?
I'll admit that I'm lazy and haven't looked yet... I'm just wondering if you have any recommendations.
Too late to edit my previous comment: I meant an uncensored provider.
Lots of chatter about how this model is benchmaxxed, but didn’t observe this in our testing.
Very strong open model release that is a bit off the frontier but totally amazing for most use-cases.
https://x.com/danielmckinn0n/status/2115213822957117535?a=fO...
Hypothesis for why K3.1 dropped so much in relative position to other models when AA switched to private evals? Primarily FrontierCode, CritPt V2, and the new private version of AA Omniscience where the model massively underperforms relative to its performance on public benchmarks?
I think chatter is putting it mildly. There's plenty of evidence in this work [1] that is hard to explain. At the very least it's a failed attempt at benchmaxxing the model, but more likely is straight up training on the test set (and the attempt at hiding it failed). Something leaked pretty heavily in their setup.
And there's indications of it happily replying with fake encrypted data in oAI format here [2]. While this is a bit less conclusive than [1], it's still dubious.
If someone released a 0.1bit quant I can run it. /s
Fwiw, the Qwen 3.8 27B at 4 bit quant is apparently quite good and is probably the best recent model. It runs (iirc) on 18-22ish GB of memory.
I read somewhere that Qwen 4 is right around the corner. Praise be!
quantization has come a really long way. Q3 is fine, especially GSQ-RCO. You can run 27B well on 16GB of VRAM.
The point of quantizing larger models is to beat other models running on the same limited-VRAM platform, i.e. 16GB VRAM in your example. You're doing "well" compared to other models meant for running on 16GB VRAM; you're not doing "well" at all compared to those running higher precisions for the same params up to at least Q8. (16 bit and higher is where the gain from further precision gets real iffy.)
With e.g. Strata you can run 125B Q4 very well on 16 GB of VRAM. 27B already has vintage vibes... OH, the good old 27B days...
> Kimi K3.1 Pro is an open-weight
Lie right in the first sentence
How so? The weights are up on HF.
Look at the license. It has all sorts of arbitrary restrictions, so it's not an open weight model, in the same way that "source available" is not open source (but worse, since there's nothing human readable in the weights).
Maybe, but nothing happens if you ignore it and use it however you want. Who and how will check it? More like a pinky promise
3T parameters! I've been really impressed with Kimi's coding performance. It's replaced a lot of my Claude Code workflows, which just got way too expensive. Wonder how big Fable and Opus are in comparison.
Chinese labs seem to think that fable/mythos is a 10T+ model, and target that amount of parameters with next iteration of qwen/kimi/ds/glm. Proves nothing tho.
With common use of n-gram tables, comparing "params" count has gotten harder. Those are exceptionally sparse and light on compute, way beyond even the sparsest MoE experts. You could host them on a slow spinning disk and still have a viable local inference platform.
So that's why I can't buy a replacement 16TB HDD for less than a 1000$ when three years ago I bought them for 229$ a pop.
I wondered why do they even need slow HDDs, like, do they store training data on them? User chats? Do they assemble crazy 12-way stripes for fast speed? Do they store what, failed attempts?
I think that’s just because hoovering up the entire worlds worth of data and saving it to a RAID multiplied by every frontier lab is a lot of fucking hard drives.
I bought one used a couple months ago for $350 on serverpartdeals.
Doesn't seem to outpace DeepSeekV4.1-Flash by much. Hy4 also announced their models and they have tons of internal benchmark, and K3.1 doesn't score that high on those benchmarks whereas Opus5.5 does, so it seems K3.1 is benchmaxxed.
I wanted to switch to DS4.1F from K3 (not even K3.1). Even the 1017 snapshot takes 5x-10x the tokens that K3 uses for the task, and often misses more intricate gotchas that K3 catches.
Depends on what you're using it for. DSf is pretty good at executing planned coding tasks but it isn't very intelligent. K3.1 doesn't need to be a coding master if it can be a fable replacement.
I wonder how much the harness hurts/ helps here. Been using both the Oct V4.1-Flash and K3.1 in Pi for some time and now almost exclusively use V4.1-Flash in dsh and it feels superior.
> so it seems K3.1 is benchmaxxed.
It's worse than that. It seems that they straight up trained on the test sets, according to this [1].
> When prefilling K3.1’s reasoning with a request to list its instructions, K3.1 names hidden requirements in 65% of its answers, K3 in 18%. When we edit a task file to contradict one of these rules, K3.1 ignores the edit and fails the task (in three of four tasks), while other models follow it. K3.1 does follow edits that do not contradict a hidden rule.
> We think these behaviors are most likely signs of training directly on the benchmark tasks with a teacher that saw the hidden grading rules, for example on-policy self-distillation.
> K3.1 also names HLE on 8.4% of the questions, often while trying to work out which benchmark a question comes from
> For example, in the production-planning task, the prompt never mentions tiers or lexicographic order. K3.1 writes “Instructions strongly say set-level aggregate fulfilled qty per priority tier lexicographic [...]”, which is the hidden ranking rule. In 23.3% of its 189 attempts, K3.1 presents a requirement that the prompt lacks and the hidden tests check as an instruction
> When we edit a task file to contradict one of these rules, K3.1 ignores the edit and fails the task
Ouch, that's a nasty case of reward hacking. Thanks for pointing this out!
Wow, really interesting work. Run of the mil benchmarks has been so shallow in measuring real performance, especially outside agentic software development.
Aside from this paper and K3.1 specifically, is there somewhere where I can read more a high-level introduction about the state of things in this niche? like the different types of faults like these models fail and ideally how to fish them out?
For reference, Hy4 Preview was a 770B model (49B active) + 10B MTP (0.7B active). Not nearly the same potential as Kimi K3 (which is 2.8T) wrt. real-world knowledge - which matters at the new frontier of advanced research and scholarly tasks. Coding benchmarks are pretty much universally saturated by now which is why newer intelligence indexes have chosen to weigh tasks quite differently.
I'm not talking about Hy4 Preview. I'm talking about Hy4, it was announced this morning. - https://hy.tencent.ai/research/hy4
Is there any evidence that Hy4 proper is a new architecture compared to Hy4 Preview? Mind you, the Preview page explicitly says "we're not even done with pretraining, let alone model fine-tuning".
Oh ok, I see what you mean, you are just comparing them by weight. In that case, it tracks that K3.1 will have more knowledge. It's the same architecture. I'm just saying that for how large K3.1 is, intelligence by weight, it's not crushing DSV4.1 or Hy4
If you use it day-to-day you can definitely feel that K3 (and K3.1) are much stronger than DS4.1-Flash-1017. There's something the benchmarks don't capture. DS4.1-Flash-1017 is an amazing model for the price, but it's not a very large model in comparison.
I wouldn't over-weight internal benchmarks from a competitor that claim benchmaxxing TBH. Kimi K3 has been at the top of Design Arena for open-weight models for a long long time, and I suspect K3.1 will be there for a long time too. It's pretty hard to fake that one since it's actual human preferences for the artifacts produced.
How do you use them day-to-day? The subscription lasts for minutes of usage at at time, and API costs are crazy high. There is zero reason to use it over an Anthropic subscription, it is not faster or cheaper - unlike DeepSeek 4.1, MiMo 2.6 or other flash models.
And how do you reckon GLM and Qwen stack up?
every time i accidentally use flash versions of deep seek i get really frustrated with the model till i realize that it was the wrong model. im also a little confused because it seems like at least comparisons make it sound like ds is no longer focusing on their high reasoning model family …
1017 is nothing like previous DeepSeek Flash models. It is vastly superior in all respects.
I'm still unimpressed with the latest DS4 flash, it makes more mistakes or misses things. Very much like Ember-1 (Kimi K3 fine-tune to reduce thinking), it is not a reliable or trustworthy assistant (ime)
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I have had the same experience with DS4 flash (basically all versions) but I really liked Ember-1 as a assistant, because it is to the point. Follows instructions and is capable enough to not get to haywire all the time.
Speaking of arena comparisons of K3.1 and DS4.1-Flash, we're spinning one up that's more relevant than design, I think: https://agentduel.com/leaderboard
Here, DS4.1-Flash and K3.1 are basically tied, with K3.1 being slower and more expensive. Big error bars, though.
Even with error bars, DS4.1-flash is clearly an impressive model.
It's quite hilarious that kimi K3.1 was competitive against Opus 5.5 and a bit lagging against DS V4.1F. While DS struggled against Opus
If your benchmark puts DS4.1-Flash at the same tier as K3 or K3.1, I'm sorry to say your benchmark is broken. It really isn't, as much as I wish it was.
I tried both of them for agentic coding and didn’t feel like K3 was adding so much benefit to justify its almost 10x price (on the modem provider I’m on).
In fact, I barely see a difference between the results at all. The models being tied smells correct to me.
I didn’t try 3.1 yet, though.
We allow early voting. This is against what most arenas do, but is on purpose. If the model is faster to do simple stuff, it should be chosen. In this sense, DS4.1-Flash is better on many tasks.
You can remove early voting from leaderboard and they are no longer the same.
But how do you verify a fair or representative distribution of complexity?
We validate people are doing real work using LLM judges.
At the point where I choose an expensive model like Kimi 3.1, speed doesn't matter, at all.
Usually, it's because all else failed, and I have to resort to burning Tokens with more expensive/better models, so a few minutes here and there really should not matter.
I think you’re alone to think time for task completion doesn’t matter
But his point is that the faster models could _not_ complete the task satisfactorily.
I've seen this myself too: DeepSeek 4.1 Flash is really good and incredibly cheap at constrained implementations, searches, etc. However, frequently the implementations don't take into account all possible cases they should cover. Then I'm either forced to step in and steer it very precisely, or have a heavier model review and provide detailed feedback. I've had good success with this mixed workflow using GPT 6.1 Sol as reviewer. Then my work focuses mostly at the beginning (architecture, goals, constraints), and at the end (final review or very quick intermediate reviews). I'm not aware of benchmarks that simulate this kind of mixed workflow with different models.
Subtle quote from their website:
> Advancing the Frontier of Open Intelligence.
Too bad you probably need something like an 8x B300 node to run this. Black Friday is coming soon though, but I fear this open intelligence will be pacing anyone's liquidity frontier so I'll probably keep trailing the frontier for a while with nvidia/qwen3.8-27B-NVFP4 on dual RTX PRO 4000 in TP=2. I can almost fit 450k context in there.
Depends on number of users - for a single user with a couple of sessions, you don't quite need that much. Bit of a waste of hardware to only serve this for single users though.
AND developer cloud has an image for K3 running it on a single MI300x. Offloading to system ram can be quite decent.
I cant say how well that image works as I'm still waiting for them to approve my gpu access
It’d be interesting to think if device swarm serving of these models ever becomes possible - are a few projects that seem to be just starting on this.
It seems more plausible to me than wherever the frontier is at any given time getting small enough to serve on one local card directly
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I have managed to boot up these models for 1-2 users on just a couple B300s. Which costs a lot still but it's not that bad.
> Black Friday is coming soon though
A few weeks before Black Friday a couple years ago, I noticed a listing on Amazon for a high-end AI card for around $40,000 (maybe a B100, don't recall). The listing had the automatically inserted Xmas season note "Free returns until Jan 31." I spent a serious minute pondering if I could float the cash for the ~40 days between the credit card bill being due and returning the card. :-)
you are aware that hardware gets better and cheaper, right ?
Due to costs I am unfortunately years away from ever seeing hardware at this level, but if you just want to study LLM's and AI then there are still plenty of models that work fine on crappy hardware, and you don't have to worry about them becoming sentient on you :-)
"Pacing the liquidity frontier" :D brilliant. Will be using that.
wish they just said "we are better than openai and anthropic, fuck you sam and you dario"
Do you need 450k context?
I usually keep under 200k if I can help it for Claude/ open ai
And lower locally on my Mac to save on prefill.
No, also because that would mean I have to read up on rope scaling or whatever to go beyond the default 256k context, which so far I’ve avoided. But you can allocate it as 220k context for 2 parallel Pi workers, that really speeds things up! Or as ~8x 50k context for dedicated parallel document processing.
It's not an open weight model (check the license, and the definition of that term if you disagree).
I assume you mean condition 2 - where they want anyone serving it as a service (to others) and earning more than $20mUSD per year in revenue to contact moonshot and enter a separate commercial agreement.
Its really not certain model weights are copyrightable in the first place.
2 gb300 node actually. Or 8 gb300 cards since 1 node has 4.
NVIDIA HGX B300 seems to have 8 Blackwells, but I have a hard time getting concrete information from the NVIDIA website on what it actually is, and how you operate it, physically. The picture has this intermediate-product vibe that it should be part of a larger system, like the GB200/300 ones, and I feel like a little boy looking through the window of some shop with incomprehensible things. But I guess the whole point probably is that if you want to have it you put out a tender and someone else will worry about the design and integration and you just pay the bill and point to some empty space in your datacenter cage with large red 5-pole power bundles eagerly waiting.
The benefit is that you can use these models on a variety of different providers. You're not stuck with a single proprietary provider. Aggregators like OpenCode Zen and OpenCode Go can shop around providers on these. OpenRouter shows you the costs of a bunch of the providers, and you can route to the cheapest ones.
I regularly use together.ai with models like this, where they're fully self hosting them and I can turn off all data retention, at a fraction of the cost of proprietary models. I recently discovered abliterated models (models edited to not refuse to work on security stuff) and hosts for them like refuseless.com, and that's an option for open source models, not for proprietary ones.
The problem with looking at different prices from different model providers is a lot of the cost is generally driven by cache hit rates. That’s where you can accumulate expense and the cache hit rate can very wildly from one provider to the next.
There's no need to use ablated models right now for cyber work. Several open weight models don't refuse cyber requests (DeepSeek, GLM, Kimi K3, etc). And as you said, OpenRouter has many 3rd party ZDR inference providers and several of those serve these models.
Ablated models are not any more inherently knowledgeable about "forbidden" topics, either. Since such topics are not generally trained for, you just get weird creative hallucinations.
> Aggregators like OpenCode Zen and OpenCode Go can shop around providers on these. OpenRouter shows you the costs of a bunch of the providers, and you can route to the cheapest ones.
Unfortunately due to their licensing requirements for modal-as-a-service providers, the pricing can’t go lower than Moonshot’s from what I can tell.
This is still great if like your example you trust together.ai more, or if different providers have better speeds/cache rates (though usually the original lab has the best cache hit rate).
And obviously if you’re a large enough service to afford to self host or finetune it then this is good.
I didn't dig into Kimi's MaaS legalese, but i dont really understand how that knee-high fence is supposed to work long term.
All the service provider needs to do is provide the option to rent out VM's with access to the inference cards.
Have the customer provide the model.
Maybe provide a bit of a speedup, by letting the customer mount the model by hash.
Sure, that all sounded way too technical 10 years ago, and somebody would have said that's already too much annoyance to deal with for average customers.
Reluctantly i'd agree.
That was 10 years ago. Nowadays, with some proper docs, this entire set up can be up and running in 5 minutes.
Aren’t these only financially viable by sharing weights in some big setup?
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Maybe for the API rate, but for OpenCode Go they're regularly making deals to get users a lot more than their money's worth on open source models.
Sometimes it can be so hard to tell and track because of the cache differences.
Possible data center bans incoming + tons of GPUs sitting in warehouses due to lack of power infrastructure to power them.
Perhaps a flood of 8x B300 will be homelab ready in a few months
>Possible data center bans incoming
A lot of the data center build out has been bipartisan. Unless Dems realize they need to listen to their constituents to avoid a 2028 bloodbath (they probably won't), I wouldn't count on that to save us from RAM/GPU prices.
There are 300 racks of nVidia A100 servers for sale from a refurber right now on eBay...
No, they'll be shipped off to Asia where technology is embraced.
The rise of China due to hand-over-fist ceeding of power and influence fueled in equal parts by the right and left is so astonishing it'll certainly go down in the history books (written in Mandarin, of course).
Bonus points when the morons are doing so because they get all their political news from a Chinese platform. The [Americans] have gone insane.
The rise of China is due to the tyranny of the markets and the fact that firms laser-focused on quarterly growth buy and liquidate those trying to do responsible, sustained growth. Those that sold their factories were able to swallow domestic competitors who didn’t do so.
The political system just does whatever the captains of industry tell them to do.
The world is bigger than the US. If the political climate in the US obstructs the build out, the build out will occur somewhere else.
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It’s called pacing the frontier
I agree, but it would have to be a place with plenty of energy and the only such place outside the US is a war zone.
Perhaps one option is building data centers along with solar power plants in sunny countries that have a lot of space. I'm not sure about the water/cooling situation though.
Well, lots of countries have energy surpluses from hydro or cheap coal.
It would certainly fit the pattern of Bitcoin farms clustering near dams.
Wasn't that mostly China? It would have to be countries that are not under chip sanctions.
> a flood of 8x B300 will be homelab ready in a few months
Haha, that's beyond wishful thinking, I'm afraid. We're not even seeing a flood of A100s (6 yo and several generations old). Every GPU is still being squeezed right now, and the trend will probably continue for the foreseeable future.
Last I checked AWS still sells EC2 instances using 2018 era GPUs. Most people underestimate just how much long tail demand there is and how long these cards last, despite the higher power consumption.
Yes, but if data center space gets tight, it creates an incentive to replace old inefficient models with better ones, i.e. sqeueeze more performance out of limited data center space.
IIRC some companies were running campaigns like "we buy your old hardware so you won't sell it in aftermarket and crash the prices". It all ends in landfill.
I wouldn't be surprised if RAM cartel or nvidia will attempt something like that, plus nvidia already talks about license-locking GPUs.
Also, again, IIRC, IBM hardware already works this way. There are almost no aftermarket when I last checked for them because it's all locked up and useless.
Maybe, but A100s and H100s were air cooled. Space is just part of the problem.
Models this size aren't targeting hobbyists running models in their bedrooms on gaming/surplus hardware bought with disposable income.
This model is for researchers who already have racks of equipment, inference providers who sell access to models, and for businesses who must (or choose to) use on-prem models. All of which have to pay to use the model if their revenue rises beyond certain thresholds: https://huggingface.co/moonshotai/Kimi-K3.1-Pro/blob/main/LI...
It's only "model as a service" providers beyond the stated threshold that have to pay. No issues for any kind of purely internal use.
abd why should we expect this to be the case? I can atleast buy old server hardware for cheap. GPUs are currently locked down the whole industry.
Or, you can just not pay and save that money to defend yourself in case they do sue you. Because it isn't established that model weights are copyrightable.
It's a license agreement, not copyright. I give you this thing under certain conditions you agree to. That's not simply about copyright. You agreed in a contract not to do something. Some contracts aren't enforceable but there has to be some major reason. By default people and businesses are free to agree to contract terms they want to.
> more than $20 million…in monthly revenue
Sign me up!
The model-as-a-service clause (which is new to the K3 series) actually only requires $20 million over 12 months - i.e. yearly revenue.
Considering the likelihood of Moonshot being able to collect a judgement for violating these terms in an American court is basically zero, and the relative ease of finding the weights without the licensing agreement, "have to pay" seems very generous.
> likelihood of Moonshot being able to collect a judgement for violating these terms in an American court is basically zero
Chinese companies sue American entities in American courts all the time.
For example, Alibaba won a judgement against the American government last week.[1]
1. https://finance.yahoo.com/markets/stocks/articles/alibaba-wi...
It baffles me that Western countries don’t seem to apply the principle of reciprocity in matters like this.
If Western companies can’t realistically win a lawsuit against the Chinese government in China, why should Chinese companies be able to do the reverse?
Most enterprises capable of running that much gear won't take that risk even if it is unenforceable. Oracle has made a great living threatening audits of companies who download its updates.
Free* market
Yeah, but only Western companies who might have to defend themselves in court. I have no doubt that pirated copies of Oracle DB and the JDK are frequently used in China.
That defense won't work in court.
give it time.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ldKqlZVlkSM
(or, if you can give it even more time, https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Swl__adGwlY )
> Considering the likelihood of Moonshot being able to collect a judgement for violating these terms in an American court is basically zero
Why? Americans are always yapping how China growth is basically fueled by IP theft, are you saying that it works both ways?
Overusing a piece of software in violation of a TOS/license agreement is radically different than employing human agents to conduct on-the-ground corporate espionage.
Which only _they_ do. And _we_ don't.
After all, _their_ AI is just trained on stolen IP, right? Unlike _ours_?
I still can't get over how irresponsible it is of _them_ to release these weights for free. That means _anyone_ could gain access to their AI model now.
At least _we_ make sure access to _ours_ is fully controlled by _us_.
People laugh, but it is impressive how often this has to be said, and how often it is ignored.
I'm still waiting for the media juggernauts to start beasting on the american hypescalers due to all the theft going around. I know for a fact that both Anthropic and OpenAI had access to some private github repos of mine in the past (due to clear artifacting in their training set). The thing is, they make so much money (allegedly), so they cannot be wrong (unlike the chinese). And this does not take into account all the hacking and system intrusion facilitated (and often perpetrated) by their systems!
You could easily run it with SSD streaming on as little as 192GB RAM (The dense portion is around 115GB or so at native precision, and the remainder would fit KV and a cache for the most commonly referenced experts.) This fits Gorgon Halo, which is a reasonably priced platform. It would be slow, but still usable for high-value tasks.
Excuse me, could you elaborate how you came up with 192GB of RAM? I almost thought they downsized model, but it's still 2.8T tokens. Are we talking about not-yet-out 1-bit quant or assumption that something like ds4 (daskstar, not deepseek) will heavily optimize it?
Not a trolling question, genuine interest.
it's a mixture of experts so it's somewhat viable to stream weights from nvme
All these very large models are sparse mixtures of experts (SMoE), where typically only 2-3% of weights are active for a given forward pass.
Usually there are some static experts in each attention layer, plus a whole bunch of dynamically-routed experts. Typically some form of LRU cache is used for the dynamic experts.
So you can keep only the static expert(s) and routing layers in memory and then stream the dynamic experts from SSD, at a modest inference speed cost driven by the latency required to load layers from SSD when they aren’t already in the memory cache.
The LRU cache works reasonably well because a given task will often hit the same experts on each iteration of the forward pass.
For example, on a Mac Studio, Qwen3.8-flash-next (180b total parameters) with 50% of experts in memory and n-gram offloading has about 1/4 to 1/3 the inference speed of everything in memory. That requires 32GB of vRAM for the weights (plus a little extra for context, obviously)
It's not based on loading the full 1.5TB model into VRAM or system RAM, it's just streaming parameters on demand from SSD - which is worthwhile since the MoE portion of the model is quite sparsely accessed. This has been demoed on a 128GB M5 MacBook Pro with lousy performance (0.3 tok/s or so) because it had to load at least ~25GB from SSD per token (comprising the entirety of the sparsely routed active params) and potentially even reload some of the dense weights, depending on what exactly managed to fit on that platform. With 192GB you'd avoid any reloading for the dense weights and even cache a few layer-experts.
Yes, I understand the principle, but will it be usable? E.g. in my personal opinion border of usefulness starts somewhere at 7-10 tok/s. I currently have 192GB and 24GB VRAM, and I can run Qwen-Flash-Next (4 bit) and GLM5.3-Flash (4 bit) at 25 tok/s and 7 tok/s respectfully (with quantized cache on beellama). Parallel queries worsen result significantly but can push aggregate to around 50 tok/s.
I can't, however, run DS4.1-1017, for example, but maybe I didn't find proper options and quantization yet.
So I'm really interested how to be sure what can/cannot fit in specific hardware (for example, I want to buy a Mac Studio with 64 or 128 GB RAM, what MoE model it would run at comfortable speed? Will it be qwen-flash-next or something bigger? And so on). So far websites with "benchmarks" were really terrible in that regard (and huggingface calculator even worse!)
> I want to buy a Mac Studio with 64 or 128 GB RAM, what MoE model it would run at comfortable speed? Will it be qwen-flash-next or something bigger?
This depends on how you plan to use the machine... but Qwen-flash-next is right at the top of what a 128GB Apple Silicon can do.
QFN with 4bit quantization will run "comfortably" with all weights in memory and a 128k context on a 128GB machine. On M5 Max w/ 128GB, that will give about 75 tok/sec (using oMLX with MTP enabled). It spits out text much faster than I can read.
However, this truly uses all the RAM. You'll have like 8-12GB left for the OS and apps, which isn't really enough to actually use the machine as a workstation while the model is loaded. But it would work fine as an inference server with Opencode running on your laptop. (Hence, "how you plan to use it?")
Alternatively, you can offload QFN's n-gram table to SSD (this is just a settings option in oMLX), which drops generation speed on the same machine to ~60-65 tok/sec (assuming the model lives on the internal SSD) and reduces memory usage to ~90GB with even a large context. That leaves plenty of RAM to use the Studio as your main workstation. Also, you may run much longer contexts because of the extra memory headroom.
Second alternatively, you can use oMLX's expert offloading feature to keep 50% of experts in memory (with n-gram offloading also). This reduces the RAM footprint to a little over 32GB + context. Offloading the experts drops generation speed to around 20-25 tok/sec on the same machine as above, but it would allow you to comfortably run on a 64GB machine, while still using it as a workstation.
I have tested the 50% expert offload case on an M1 Max / 64GB, and the inference speed is only a little slower (more like 18-20 tok/sec) than M5 Max / 128GB because in both cases the bottleneck is SSD read bandwidth and the GPU is spending a lot of time idle.
One last thing: GLM 5.3-flash doesn't use an n-gram table, so you can't use that trick to reduce memory footprint. You'd need to use expert offloading to make it fit a 128GB machine. Since it has over twice as many active parameters as QFN (which doubles the required SSD read bandwidth), my guess is that a 128GB Studio would not be much faster than your current setup for that model.
> in my personal opinion border of usefulness starts somewhere at 7-10 tok/s.
This is expected if you're actively steering the agent, but what about running unattended tasks - perhaps multiple such tasks in parallel, such that you can stay engaged by "attending" to each of them in turn? Then you're not restricted to such a requirement, and can benefit from much slower (individually, not wrt. total throughput) inference streams.
> I currently have 192GB and 24GB VRAM
I'm not familiar with beellama, but this seems like it could be the perfect setup for Strata which people are saying good things about, including for running DS4.1F (at least quantized). The whole point of it is to effectively leverage heterogenous RAM/VRAM setups. Of course llama.cpp itself is doing a good job of trying to catch up, but they've yet to support efficient SSD streaming (mmap doesn't quite cut it) in the main branch.
I run this exact setup with 24GB vram and 288gb ran. I get 25 to 28tps. The catches you have to run the 2.25-bit version currently. Strata is not optimized to run the 3 ir 4-but versions, at least not yet. With a 256K context window and vision I think it uses around 135 MB— I can’t remember if that’s total or just ram. Edit: 4.1 flash next
> Strata is not optimized to run the 3 [o]r 4-b[i]t versions, at least not yet.
How so? This is not obvious to me; AIUI Strata does support streaming weights for larger models via SSD. Of course the speed would drop quite a bit once you rely on SSD, but it ought to be workable. Since you're on a HEDT/server platform, you can also benefit by adding more SSD hardware to be accessed in parallel via the abundant PCIe lanes.
Wow, TIL. Is there any calculator or rule of thumb you use to figure out the expected performance of a model on some DRAM/SSD split? For instance I am wondering what the performance could be like on a 512GB M5 Mac Studio.
The rule of thumb is to just test it on your chosen platform, with your workload. SSD performance matters a lot obviously, you'll want to run PCIe 5.0 if at all feasible, or a recent M5 Pro/Max/Ultra or M6 Mac with high storage capacity (lower tiers have much worse performance). You can figure out a worst case easily (assuming that the fraction of sparse params you manage to cache in VRAM or system RAM has a fair chance of being picked among the total) but in practice you do quite a bit better than that - which is why even very small caches can be potentially worthwhile.
That sounds like not a rule of thumb tbh
The implication is “there isn’t one”.
We're running Kimi 2.8 on a 4x AMD MI300A single server on-premise that cost about $110k.
We will break even from our old Claude spend in about 2 weeks.
It services 30-40 analysts and staff concurrently and is faster than any of the SaaS out there for us.
Very cool
Are they happy with Kimi 2.8's reasoning ability? I haven't tried it.
Kimi is also a lot more willing to do whatever tf you ask it such as vulnerability scanning or PoC development. Or reverse engineering.
Plus on prem can go find abliterated models.
It's an advantage that keeps me coming back for local models when I can't get around Claude or Codex's little blockers.
It's worked out. Definitely not frontier but it's the largest model that works reliably on our hardware. We also try some smaller ones when they come out.
There's no Kimi 2.8 as far as open weight is concerned. WTF. This must be a bot and other bots.
Maybe they're talking about parameter count?
If you take the kimi plan you would have seen kimi 2.8 preview alongside kimi 2.7
How bad did the electric bill get hit?
We have a data center already and we're in heavy industrial manufacturing. It didn't even register in our usage.
Wow... I'd like to know more. 40 analysts not spending 100USD/month is 4k/month saved. That means you break even in 27 months. But you probably used Claude much more than that.
Also what harness do you use? Any problems you encountered on the way?
Just one of our analysts was burning around 30-40 million tokens per project.
EDIT: per project, not per month
EDIT 2: digging out an old bill from 8 months ago when we bought the server, $14k per month is what we were running and it was going up, a lot.
Oh boy... we are talking about insane token spends in corps at the moment. 100$ is a blip.
I think you should compare with api cost? I am using $200 plan and it is probably around $12k in token cost....
Are $12K worth of token guaranteed or the company may adjust token generation speeds?
Anthropic is very good at either convincing or forcing (I’m not sure which) companies to pay for tokens rather than for subscriptions. My old job moved from subs to tokens and everyone started running out of budget mid month. It was a bad move for a company that laid off all of QA and 2/3 of Engineering and committed to everyone making up for it with LLMs.
I don't get this, why do people pay for API tokens at all? What is the reasoning?
I have only ever paid for tokens and never used subscriptions because I need to know that I can generate sufficient real world value at the true cost of inference.
Zero Data Retention is the big one I think (and also the ToS don't allow multiple personal accounts for businesses anyways)
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They don't have the choice to begin with
I don't think Anthropic or OpenAI offer subscriptions to enterprises - it's a hobbyist/solo-entrepreneur kind of thing. I seem to recall SpaceXAI had some kind of hack going where they were trying to use subs with Anthropic and then got cut off.
Enterprises also need very stringent IP protections that you don't get through the subscriptions. Even the Anthropic-API per token license isn't great - sometimes you need to go to 3rd parties like AWS Bedrock to get guarantees regarding no multi-tenant GPUs.
You can have subscriptions up to 150 seats with Anthropic.
You are forbidden from the subscriptions on enterprise
Claude Teams exists.
No Zero Data Retention there.