The thing I keep coming back to with local agent sandboxing is that the threat model is actually two separate problems that get conflated.

Problem 1: the agent does something destructive by accident — rm -rf, hard git revert, writes to the wrong config. Filesystem sandboxing solves this well.

Problem 2: the agent does something destructive because it was prompt-injected via a file it read. Sandboxing doesn't help here — the agent already has your credentials in memory before it reads the malicious file.

The only real answer to problem 2 is either never give the agent credentials that can do real damage, or have a separate process auditing tool calls before they execute. Neither is fully solved yet.

Agent Safehouse is a clean solution to problem 1. That's genuinely useful and worth having even if problem 2 remains open.

Interesting, we're tackling a different layer of the same problem, snapshot before every run + one-click rollback instead of kernel sandboxing. Complementary approaches. Nice work.

Sandboxing is going to be table stakes for any serious deployment of AI agents in regulated industries. In sectors like construction, healthcare, or finance, you cannot have an agent with unrestricted filesystem or network access making decisions that affect safety-critical documentation. The macOS sandbox approach is smart because it leverages the OS-level enforcement rather than relying on application-layer restrictions that an agent could potentially reason its way around. The real question is how you balance useful tool access with meaningful containment when the whole point of agents is autonomous action.

What do you think of sandbox-exec being marked as deprecated?

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31973232

https://github.com/openai/codex/issues/215

I think this is the right approach to building sandbox for agents ie. over existing OS native sandbox capabilities so that they are truly enforced.

However the challenge is, sandbox profiles (rules) are always workload specific. How do you define “least privilege” for a workload and then enforce it through the sandbox.

Which is why general sandboxes wont be useful or even feasible. The value is observing and probably auto-generating baseline policy for a given workload.

Wrong or overly relaxed policies would make sandbox ineffective against real threats it is expected to protect against.

If you are using Nix, there's also https://github.com/srid/sandnix that works on Linux (landrun) and macOS (sandbox-exec).

I made a native macOS app with a GUI for sandbox-exec, plus a network sandbox with per-domain filtering and secrets detection: https://multitui.com/

This is a very nice and clean implementation. Related to this - I've been exploring injecting landlock and seccomp profiles directly into the elf binary, so that applications that are backed by some LLM, but want to 'do the right thing' can lock themselves out. This ships a custom process loader (that reads the .sandbox section) and applies the policies, not unlike bubblewrap which uses namespaces). The loading can be pushed to a kernel module in the future.

https://github.com/hsaliak/sacre_bleu very rough around the edges, but it works. In the past there were apps that either behaved well, or had malicious intent, but with these LLM backed apps, you are going to see apps that want to behave well, but cannot guarantee it. We are going to see a lot of experimentation in this space until the UX settles!

I’ve been playing around with https://nono.sh/ , which adds a proxy to the sandbox piece to keep credentials out of the agent’s scope. It’s a little worrisome that everyone is playing catch up on this front and many of the builtin solutions aren’t good.

Not sure I understand this. Agent CLIs already use sandbox-exec, and you can configure granular permissions. You are basically saying - give the agents access to everything, and configure permissions in this second sandbox-exec wrapper on top. But why use this over editing the CLI's settings file directly (e.g. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/sandboxing#configure-sandbox...)?

This really is not going to be safe on something like Mac or Windows until it’s built into the OS.

But given how fast agents are moving, I would be shocked if such tools were not already being built

Sandboxing solves "prevent the agent from doing damage." The failure mode it doesn't catch is when the agent operates perfectly within its permissions and still produces garbage because the model degraded or the tool stopped returning useful results.

That's a 200 OK the whole way down. "Prevent bad actions" and "detect wrong-but-permitted actions" are completely different problems.

How's this different from https://container-use.com?

Fantastic! I had been using dockers but this might be better!

I built something similar for myself that works on both Linux and Mac OS

https://github.com/ashishb/amazing-sandbox

Looks good. I’ll give it a try.

Do you have plans to go cross-platform and offer a solution for Windows?

similar project https://github.com/trailofbits/claude-code-devcontainer

See also various sandbox tools I and others (e.g. jpeeler) have collected: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47102258

Nice! I‘d be interesting in the things that went wrong during development. Which loopholes were discovered last, if any?

Docker...

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It's the exact auth control I want. However, it seems it's not a safehouse for local agents, but a safe cage, IMHO. After all, it prevents damage they might cause.

Awesome to see a bash-only method of solving this problem. Also like that it alerts on attempts to read restricted stuff.

I built yolobox to solve this using docker/apple containers: https://github.com/finbarr/yolobox

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A way to run claude code inside a apple container -

  $ container system start

  $ container run -d --name myubuntu ubuntu:latest sleep infinity

  $ container exec myubuntu bash -c "apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y openssh-server"

  $ container exec myubuntu bash -c "
    apt-get install -y curl &&
    curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_lts.x |
  bash - &&
    apt-get install -y nodejs
  "

  $ container exec myubuntu npm install -g @anthropic-ai/claude-code

  $ container exec myubuntu claude --version

the macOS-only constraint is the biggest blocker for us. most of our agents run on linux VMs and there's basically nothing equivalent -- you end up choosing between full docker isolation (heavy) or just... not sandboxing at all and hoping.

been watching microsandbox but its pretty early. landlock is the linux kernel primitive that could theoretically enable something like this but nobody's built the nice policy layer on top yet.

curious if anyone has a good solution for the "agent running on a remote linux server" case. the threat model is a bit different anyway (no iMessage/keychain to protect) but filesystem and network containment still matter a lot

As I understand it, the problem nowadays doesn't seem to be so much that the agent is going to rm -rf / my host, it's more like it's going to connect to a production system that I'm authorized to on my machine or a database tool, and then it's going to run a potentially destructive command. There is a ton of value of running agents against production systems to troubleshoot things, but there are not enough guardrails to prevent destructive actions from the get-go. The solution seems to be specific to each system, and filesystem is just one aspect out of many.

Sandvault [0] (whose author is around here somewhere), is another approach that combines sandbox-exe with the grand daddy of system sandboxes, the Unix user system.

Basically, give an agent its own unprivileged user account (interacting with it via sudo, SSH, and shared directories), then add sandbox-exe on top for finer-grained control of access to system resources.

0. https://github.com/webcoyote/sandvault

Is clunker some new slang that's different than clanker? I'm asking for a friend of my friend Roku.

p.s. thanks for making this; timely as I am playing whackamole with sandboxing right now.

But... why not just run macOS in a VM?

If/since AI agents work continuously, it seems like running macOS in a VM (via the virtualization framework directly) is the most secure solution and requires a lot less verification than any sandboxing script. (Critical feature: no access to my keychain.)

AI agents are not at all like container deploys which come and go with sub-second speed, and need to be small enough that you can run many at a time. (If you're running local inference, that's the primary resource hog.)

I'm not too worried about multiple agents in the same vm stepping on each other. I give them different work-trees or directory trees; if they step over 1% of the time, it's not a risk to the bare-metal system.

Not sure if I'm missing something...

Supervisor agent frameworks are going to be a big industry soon. You simply can’t have agents executing commands without a trusted supervisory layer examining and certifying actions.

All the issues we get from AI today (hallucinations, goal shift, context decay, etc) get amplified unbelievably fast once you begin scaling agents out due to cascading. The risk being you go to bed and when you wake up your entire infrastructure is gone lol.

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I'm also working on a cross-platform solution (sandbox-exec on macOS). What if Apple finally drops this after long deprecation?

so this works the same as Claude Code /sandbox? The innovation being that it's harness-agnostic?

wow it's interesting how noticeable sites built with claude maybe with the frotnend-design skill are now

This is the right problem to solve. At Arcade, we see the same gap — agents get shell access, API keys, and network by default. The permissions model is backwards.

sandbox-profiles is a solid primitive for local agents. The missing piece in production is the tool layer — even a sandboxed agent can still make dangerous API calls if the MCP tools it has access to aren't individually authed and scoped.

The real stack is: sandbox the runtime (what Agent Safehouse does) + scope the tools (what we do with JIT OAuth at the MCP layer). Neither alone is enough.

Nice work shipping this.

https://www.arcade.dev/blog/ai-agent-auth-challenges-develop...

fun fact about `sandbox-exec`, the macOS util this relies on: Apple officially deprecated it in macOS Sierra back in 2016!

Its manpage has been saying it's deprecated for a decade now, yet we're continuing to find great uses for it. And the 'App Sandbox' replacement doesn't work at all for use cases like this where end users define their own sandbox rules. Hope Apple sees this usage and stops any plans to actually deprecate sandbox-exec. I recall a bunch of macOS internal services also rely on it.

I wonder why you believe that running agents locally is the best approach. For most people, having agents operate remotely is more effective because the agent can stay active without your local machine needing to remain powered on and connected to the internet 24/7.

How do agents tend to deal with getting blocked? Messing around with sandboxes, I've quite even seen them get blocked, assume something is wrong, and go _crazy_ trying to get around the block, never stopping to ask for user input. It might be good to add to the error message: "This is deliberate, don't try to get around it."

For those using pi, I've built something similar[1] that works on macOS+Linux, using sandbox-exec/bubblewrap. Only benefit over OP is that there's some UX for temporarilily/permanently bypassing blocks.

[1] https://github.com/carderne/pi-sandbox

This is great to see.

I honestly think that sandboxing is currently THE major challenge that needs to be solved for the tech to fully realise its potential. Yes the early adopters will YOLO it and run agents natively. It won't fly at all longer term or in regulated or more conservative corporate environments, let alone production systems where critical operations or data are in play.

The challenge is that we need a much more sophisticated version of sandboxing than anybody has made before. We can start with network, file system and execute permissions - but we need way more than that. For example, if you really need an agent to use a browser to test your application in a live environment, capture screenshots and debug them - you have to give it all kinds of permissions that go beyond what can be constrained with a traditional sandboxing model. If it has to interact with resources that cost money (say, create cloud resources) then you need an agent aware cloud cost / billing constraint.

Somehow all this needs to be pulled together into an actual cohesive approach that people can work with in a practical way.

The "full-auto" framing is interesting. What happens when the agent hits something it can't resolve autonomously? Even sandboxed, there's a point where the agent needs to ask a question or get approval.

Most setups handle this awkwardly: fire a webhook, write to a log, hope the human is watching. The sandbox keeps the agent contained, but doesn't give it a clean "pause and ask" primitive. The agent either guesses (risky) or silently fails (frustrating).

Seems like there are two layers: the security boundary (sandbox-exec, containers, etc.) and the communication boundary (how does a contained agent reach the human?). This project nails the first. The second is still awkward for most setups.

Intriguing, but...

Around last summer (July–August 2025), I desperately needed a sandbox like this. I had multiple disasters with Claude Code and other early AI models. The worst was when Claude Code did a hard git revert to restore a single file, which wiped out ~1000 lines of development work across multiple files.

But now, as of March 2026, at least in my experience, agents have become more reliable. With proper guardrails in claude.md and built-in safety measures, I haven't had a major incident in about 3 months.

That said, layering multiple safeguards is always recommended—your software assets are your assets. I'd still recommend using something like this. But things are changing, bit by bit.

The challenge I'm finding with sandboxes like this is evaluating them in comparison to each other.

This looks like a competent wrapper around sandbox-exec. I've seen a whole lot of similar wrappers emerging over the past few months.

What I really need is help figuring out which ones are trustworthy.

I think this needs to take the form of documentation combined with clearly explained and readable automated tests.

Most sandboxes - including sandbox-exec itself - are massively under-documented.

I am going to trust them I need both detailed documentation and proof that they work as advertised.

I like that it's all bash.

How does this compare with Codex's and Claude's built-in sandboxing?

While we have `sandbox-exec` in macOS, we still don't have a proper Docker for macOS. Instead, the current Docker runs on macOS as a Linux VM which is useful but only as a Linux machine goes.

Having real macOS Docker would solve the problem this project solves, and 1001 other problems.

Creator here - didn't expect this to go public so soon. A few notes:

1. I built this because I like my agents to be local. Not in a container, not in a remote server, but running on my finely-tuned machine. This helps me run all agents on full-auto, in peace.

2. Yes, it's just a policy-generator for sandbox-exec. IMO, that's the best part about the project - no dependencies, no fancy tech, no virtualization. But I did put in many hours to identify the minimum required permissions for agents to continue working with auto-updates, keychain integration, and pasting images, etc. There are notes about my investigations into what each agent needs https://agent-safehouse.dev/docs/agent-investigations/ (AI-generated)

3. You don't even need the rest of the project and use just the Policy Builder to generate a single sandbox-exec policy you can put into your dotfiles https://agent-safehouse.dev/policy-builder.html

This is just a wrapper around sandbox-exec. It's nice that there are a ton of presets that have been thought out, since 90% of wielding sandbox-exec is correctly scoping it to whatever the inner environment requires (the other 90% is figuring out how sandbox-exec works).

I like that it's just a shell script.

I do wish that there was a simple way to sandbox programs with an overlay or copy-on-write semantics (or better yet bind mounts). I don't care if, in the process of doing some work, an LLM agent modifies .bashrc -- I only care if it modifies _my_ .bashrc